Psychological thought in some major Eastern Systems: Bhagavad Gita, Buddhism, Sufism and Integral Yoga. Academic psychology in India: Pre- independence era, post-independence era, 1970s: The move to addressing social issues, 1980s: Indigenization, 1990s: Paradigmatic concerns, disciplinary identity crisis, 2000s: Emergence of Indian psychology in academia. Issues: The colonial encounter, Post colonialism and psychology, Lack of distinct disciplinary identity. Western: Greek heritage, medieval period and modern period. Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalytical, Gestalt, Behaviorism, Humanistic- Existential, Transpersonal, Cognitive revolution, Multiculturalism. Four founding paths of academic psychology - Wundt, Freud, James, Dilthey. Issues: Crisis in psychology due to strict adherence to experimental- analytical paradigm (logical empiricism). Indic influences on modern psychology. Essential aspects of knowledge paradigms: Ontology, epistemology, and methodology. Paradigms of Western Psychology: Positivism, Post-Positivism, Critical perspective, Social Constructionism, Existential Phenomenology, and Co-operative Enquiry. Paradigmatic Controversies. Significant Indian paradigms on psychological knowledge: Yoga, Bhagavad Gita, Buddhism, Sufism, and Integral Yoga. Science and spirituality (avidya and vidya). The primacy of self-knowledge in Indian psychology
2Research Methodology and Statistics
Research: Meaning, Purpose, and Dimensions. Research problems, Variables and Operational Definitions, Hypothesis, Sampling. Ethics in conducting and reporting research Paradigms of research: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed methods approach Methods of research: Observation, Survey [Interview, Questionnaires], Experimental, Quasi-experimental, Field studies, Cross-Cultural Studies, Phenomenology, Grounded theory, Focus groups, Narratives, Case studies, Ethnography Statistics in Psychology: Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion. Normal Probability Curve. Parametric [t-test] and Non-parametric tests [Sign Test, Wilcoxon Signed rank test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman]. Power analysis. Effect size. Correlational Analysis: Correlation [Product Moment, Rank Order], Partial correlation, multiple correlation. Special Correlation Methods: Biserial, Point biserial, tetrachoric, phi coefficient. Regression: Simple linear regression, Multiple regression. Factor analysis: Assumptions, Methods, Rotation and Interpretation. Experimental Designs: ANOVA [One-way, Factorial], Randomized Block Designs, Repeated Measures Design, Latin Square, Cohort studies, Time series, MANOVA, ANCOVA. Single-subject designs
3Psychological testing
Types of tests Test construction: Item writing, item analysis Test standardization: Reliability, validity and Norms Areas of testing: Intelligence, creativity, neuropsychological tests, aptitude, Personality assessment, interest inventories Attitude scales - Semantic differential, Staples, Likert scale. Computer-based psychological testing Applications of psychological testing in various settings: Clinical, Organizational and business, Education, Counseling, Military. Career guidance
4Biological basis of behavior
Sensory systems: General and specific sensations, receptors and processes Neurons: Structure, functions, types, neural impulse, synaptic transmission. Neurotransmitters. The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems - Structure and functions. Neuroplasticity. Methods of Physiological Psychology: Invasive methods - Anatomical methods, degeneration techniques, lesion techniques, chemical methods, microelectrode studies. Non-invasive methods - EEG, Scanning methods. Muscular and Glandular system: Types and functions Biological basis of Motivation: Hunger, Thirst, Sleep and Sex. Biological basis of emotion: The Limbic system, Hormonal regulation of behavior. Genetics and behavior: Chromosomal anomalies, Nature-Nurture controversy [Twin studies and adoption studies]
5Attention, Perception, Learning, Memory and Forgetting
Attention: Forms of attention, Models of attention Perception: Approaches to the Study of Perception: Gestalt and physiological approaches Perceptual Organization: Gestalt, Figure and Ground, Law of Organization Perceptual Constancy: Size, Shape, and Color, Illusions Perception of Form, Depth and Movement Role of motivation and learning in perception Signal detection theory: Assumptions and applications Subliminal perception and related factors, information processing approach to perception, culture and perception, perceptual styles, Pattern recognition, Ecological perspective on perception. Learning Process: Fundamental theories: Thorndike, Guthrie, Hull Classical Conditioning: Procedure, phenomena and related issues Instrumental learning: Phenomena, Paradigms and theoretical issues, Reinforcement: Basic variables and schedules, Behaviour modification and its applications Cognitive approaches in learning: Latent learning, observational learning. Verbal learning and Discrimination learning Recent trends in learning: Neurophysiology of learning Memory and Forgetting Memory processes: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval Stages of memory: Sensory memory, Short-term memory (Working memory), Long-term Memory (Declarative - Episodic and Semantic, Procedura, Theories of Forgetting: Interference, Retrieval Failure, Decay, Motivated forgetting
6Thinking, Intelligence and Creativity
Theoretical perspectives on thought processes: Associationism, Gestalt, Information processing, Feature integration model Concept formation: Rules, Types, and Strategies, Role of concepts in thinking Types of Reasoning Language and thought Problem solving: Type, Strategies, and Obstacles Decision-making: Types and models Metacognition: Metacognitive knowledge and Metacognitive regulation Intelligence: Spearman, Thurstone, Jensen, Cattell, Gardner, Stenberg, Goleman, Das, Kar & Parrila Creativity: Torrance, Getzels & Jackson, Guilford, Wallach & Kogan Relationship between Intelligence and Creativity
7Personality, Motivation, emotion, stress and coping
Determinants of personality: Biological and socio-cultural Approaches to the study of personality: Psychoanalytical, Neo-Freudian, Social learning, Trait and Type, Cognitive, Humanistic, Existential, Transpersonal psychology. Other theories: Rotter's Locus of Control, Seligman's Explanatory styles, Kohlberg's theory of Moral development. Basic motivational concepts: Instincts, Needs, Drives, Arousal, Incentives, Motivational Cycle. Approaches to the study of motivation: Psychoanalytical, Ethological, S-R Cognitive, Humanistic Exploratory behavior and curiosity Zuckerman's Sensation seeking Achievement, Affiliation and Power Motivational Competence Self-regulation Flow Emotions: Physiological correlates Theories of emotions: James-Lange, Canon-Bard, Schachter and Singer, Lazarus, Lindsley. Emotion regulation Conflicts: Sources and types Stress and Coping: Concept, Models, Type A, B, C, D behaviors, Stress management strategies [Biofeedback, Music therapy, Breathing exercises, Progressive Muscular Relaxation, Guided Imagery, Mindfulness, Meditation, Yogasana, Stress Inoculation Training]
8Social Psychology
Nature, scope and history of social psychology Traditional theoretical perspectives: Field theory, Cognitive Dissonance, Sociobiology, Psychodynamic Approaches, Social Cognition. Social perception [Communication, Attributions], attitude and its change within cultural context, prosocial behavior Group and Social influence [Social Facilitation, Social loafing], Social influence [Conformity, Peer Pressure, Persuasion, Compliance, Obedience, Social Power, Reactance]. Aggression. Group dynamics, leadership style and effectiveness. Theories of intergroup relations [Minimal Group Experiment and Social Identity Theory, Relative Deprivation Theory, Realistic Conflict Theory, Balance Theories, Equity Theory, Social Exchange Theory] Applied social psychology: Health, Environment and Law, Personal space, crowding, and territoriality
9Human Development and Interventions
Developmental processes: Nature, Principles, Factors in development, Stages of Development. Successful aging. Theories of development: Psychoanalytical, Behavioristic, and Cognitive Various aspects of development: Sensory-motor, cognitive, language, emotional, social and moral. Psychopathology: Concept, Mental Status Examination, Classification, Causes Psychotherapies: Psychoanalysis, Person-centered, Gestalt, Existential, Acceptance Commitment Therapy, Behavior therapy, REBT, CBT, MBCT, Play therapy, Positive psychotherapy, Transactional Analysis, Dialectic behavior therapy, Art therapy, Performing Art Therapy, Family therapy. Applications of theories of motivation and learning in School Factors in educational achievement Teacher effectiveness Guidance in schools: Needs, organizational set up and techniques Counselling: Process, skills, and techniques
10Emerging Areas
Issues of Gender, Poverty, Disability, and Migration: Cultural bias and discrimination. Stigma, Marginalization, and Social Suffering, Child Abuse and Domestic violence. Peace psychology: Violence, non-violence, conflict resolution at macro level, role of media in conflict resolution. Wellbeing and self-growth: Types of wellbeing [Hedonic and Eudemonic], Character strengths, Resilience and Post-Traumatic Growth. Health: Health promoting and health compromising behaviors, Life style and Chronic diseases [Diabetes, Hypertension, Coronary Heart Disease], Psychoneuroimmunology [Cancer, HIV/AIDS] Psychology and technology interface: Digital learning, Digital etiquette: Cyber bullying, Cyber pornography: Consumption, implications, Parental mediation of Digital Usage. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paper-I — common to every subject
1Teaching Aptitude
Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding and Reflective), Characteristics and basic requirements.
Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (Academic, Social, Emotional and Cognitive), Individual differences.
Factors affecting teaching related to: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment and Institution.
Methods of teaching in Institutions of higher learning: Teacher centred vs. Learner centred methods; Off-line vs. On-line methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs etc.).
Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern and ICT based.
Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of evaluation, Evaluation in Choice Based Credit System in Higher education, Computer based testing, Innovations in evaluation systems.
2Research Aptitude
Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Post-positivistic approach to research.
Methods of Research: Experimental, Descriptive, Historical, Qualitative and Quantitative methods.
Steps of Research.
Thesis and Article writing: Format and styles of referencing.
Application of ICT in research.
Research ethics.
3Comprehension
A passage of text be given. Questions be asked from the passage to be answered.
4Communication
Communication: Meaning, types and characteristics of communication.
Effective communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group communications, Classroom communication.
Barriers to effective communication.
Mass-Media and Society.
5Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude
Types of reasoning.
Number series, Letter series, Codes and Relationships.
Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest and Discounting, Averages etc.).
6Logical Reasoning
Understanding the structure of arguments: argument forms, structure of categorical propositions, Mood and Figure, Formal and Informal fallacies, Uses of language, Connotations and denotations of terms, Classical square of opposition.
Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning.
Analogies.
Venn diagram: Simple and multiple use for establishing validity of arguments.
Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference).
7Data Interpretation
Sources, acquisition and classification of Data.
Quantitative and Qualitative Data.
Graphical representation (Bar-chart, Histograms, Pie-chart, Table-chart and Line-chart) and mapping of Data.
Data Interpretation.
Data and Governance.
8Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
ICT: General abbreviations and terminology.
Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing.
Digital initiatives in higher education.
ICT and Governance.
9People, Development and Environment
Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals.
Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on environment.
Environmental issues: Local, Regional and Global; Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Noise pollution, Waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), Climate change and its Socio-Economic and Political dimensions.
Impacts of pollutants on human health.
Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests.
Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies.
Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance.
10Higher Education System
Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India.
Evolution of higher learning and research in Post Independence India.
Oriental, Conventional and Non-conventional learning programmes in India.
Professional, Technical and Skill Based education.
Value education and environmental education.
Policies, Governance, and Administration.
Official UGC-NET syllabus (ugcnet.nta.ac.in), Paper-II subject units, verbatim.
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